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How Expensive is to Watch a Cricket Match Live Around the World? Average Cricket Ticket Prices

There is nothing more depressing in cricket than to watch an enthralling Test match with the unfortunate backdrop of an empty stadium.

Most recently, the England-Sri Lanka Test series came under scanner for unaffordable prices for Day 4 that started at about £95 and ranged up to £140. It was estimated that around “9,000 people turned up to a venue that holds more than 30,000.”

That got me thinking—How expensive is it to watch cricket around the world?

To conduct this analysis, I went through the checkout process and attempted to buy tickets for different types of matches in the first 10 Test playing nations.

If you would like to listen to an engaging conversational AI generated podcast about this article, check this out.

Key Takeaways

  • England & Australia are the most expensive places to watch cricket (they also have the most opportunities to watch along with India). Ticket prices can range from $185-1400 in a season for England to watch a couple of days of Tests, a few County matches, a few Hundred & Vitality Blast games, and 2-3 limited over internationals.
  • On the other hand, in Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Zimbabwe, a fan can watch matches for as low as $1 USD and can watch several games in a season for about $100 on the higher end.
  • Watching domestic cricket is completely FREE in India, New Zealand, and South Africa (both List A & 4-day). All you need to do is show up at the stadium (So GO, what are you waiting for?)
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Cost of Watching Cricket: Most Expensive Places to Watch Cricket Around the World

We will provide ranges and consider a few different categories (if data is available):

  • Limited Over Internationals (LOI) – both men’s & women’s
  • Test Matches
  • Domestic Competitions
  • Franchise Leagues

For the sake of the cost comparison, we will be looking at General Admission ticket for Adult guests (in some countries like England, ‘members’ of the club receive discounted prices given that they have paid the annual membership fee). This analysis does not include member prices, bundles, or other discounts (or service/handling fees & taxes).

To make a relative comparison, we will also looked at the data for monthly cost of living data according to World Population Review, the inflation rate on average consumer prices (annual percent change) by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the average monthly net salary by Numbeo (the average salary is likely higher than the median salary).

Note: These are ballpark ranges. Ticket prices may vary based on the match (for example, knockout and Finals matches may be more expensive) and the stadium.

Also Read: Major League Cricket: Where to Buy Major League Cricket (MLC) 2023 Tickets?, Top 11 Richest Cricket Leagues (By Average Salaries)

1. England ($260-1400)

If a spectator in England watched 2 days of a men’s Test, 5 County games, 1 men’s international, 2 Vitality Blast matches, 2 Hundred matches, 1 ODI cup, one women’s international, and 1 Women’s Hundred match in a season, they would spend (on tickets alone) between $260-$504 depending on the stadium and up to $1393.3 if they only chose premium seating.

  • Monthly Cost of Living: $1929
  • Average Monthly Net Salary: $3288.55
  • Annual Inflation Rate: 2.5%
  • Estimated Monthly Savings: $1359.55
  • Percent of Savings Spent on Cricket (Live): 4.54%-34.16%

(Calculation Example: $185/3 months ~= 61.67/1359.55 ~= 4.54%)

*These economic numbers are for the United Kingdom as a whole, not just England.

Type of MatchGeneral Admission Ticket Price (Adult)Premium Tickets
A Day of a Test£38-85 ($50.6-113.1)£95-145 ($126.6-192.9)
Men’s LOI£20-40 ($26.6)£135 ($179.9)
Women’s LOI£5-10 ($6.7-13.3)£65 ($86.6)
County£6-15 ($8.0-20.0)£23 ($30.6)
Vitality Blast£15-25 ($20-33.3)£150 ($199.5)
The Hundred£11 ($14.7)£35 ($46.6)
One Day Cup£5-20 ($6.7-26.6)£37 ($49.2)
*These are ticket prices for non-members

How Did We Estimate the Ticket Price Range?

The international costs above are estimated from the upcoming England-Zimbabwe Test, India-England Women T20I series, and the men’s South Africa-England series, while the domestic costs are a ballpark number based on perusing several County’s websites.

Note: The prices for domestic price tickets in England vary vastly based on the County/stadium. For example, Kia Oval is at the more expensive side: £15-20 for County Championship matches, £32-40 for Vitality Blast, £40-85 for a men’s T20I, £18-30 for a women’s T20I, and £85-145 for a Test match.

The MCC is now reviewing the ticket pricing structure after the widespread empty stands.

Other Costs: Car Parking (£5+), Guided Tours: (£0-30), Full Season Membership (£240-270), Food, Drinks, Concessions (varies)

Where To Buy Tickets: Tickets can be purchased on the County, stadium, or ECB website. For international matches, you have to enter a ballot and hence, may not be guaranteed a ticket if there is high demand.

Exchange Rate: £1 = $1.33 (As of 9/22/2024)

Sources: Trent Bridge Tickets, England vs Zimbabwe 2025, India-England Women’s T20I, SA-Eng 2025 Tickets, County Championship, One Day Cup Final, The Hundred Pricing, Hampshire Ticket Prices, Essex Ticket Prices

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2. Australia ($180-$900)

If a cricket fan in Australia went to watch 2 days of a men’s Test, 1 ODI, 1 Sheffield Shield match, 2 BBL matches, one women’s international, and 1 WBBL match in a season, they would spend (on tickets alone) at least $180 AUD ($122.6 USD) and as much as $900 $(613 USD) if they chose the premium seating.

  • Monthly Cost of Living: $1,944
  • Average Monthly Net Salary: $3,819.73
  • Annual Inflation Rate: 3.5%
  • Estimated Monthly Savings: $1875.73
  • Percent of Savings Spent on Cricket (Live): 2.2%-10.89%

Day 4 Tickets: For the Boxing Day Test MCG, the General Admission has a starting price for $30 with reserve stands as high as $85.

Type of MatchGeneral Admission Ticket Price (Adult)Premium Tickets/Lounge/SkyDeck
A Day of a Test$30 AUD ($20.4 USD)$170 AUD ($115.8 USD)
Men’s LOI$30 ($20.4)$170 ($115.8)
Women’s LOI$20 ($13.6)
Domestic Cricket$10 ($6.8)
Franchise Cricket (BBL)$27.5 ($18.7)$165 ($112.4)
WBBL$10 ($6.8)

*Note: For some Tests (for example, Adelaide BGT, there are ‘Twilight Adult’ prices if the entry is after 5 PM at a discounted price of $22.5).

Exchange Rate: $1 AUD = $0.68 USD

Sources/Where to Buy Tickets: Cricket.com.au, Sheffield Shield Ticket Prices, Big Bash Tickets

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3. New Zealand ($109-160)

Watching 2 days of a Test, 2 SuperSmash matches, a men’s limited overs game, and a women’s limited over game can cost anywhere between $109 to $160 in a season.

  • Monthly Cost of Living: $1782
  • Average Monthly Net Salary: $3156.96
  • Annual Inflation Rate: 3.1%
  • Estimated Monthly Savings: $1,374.96
  • Percent of Savings Spent on Cricket (Live): 1.96%-2.81%
Type of MatchGeneral Admission Ticket Price (Adult)Premium Tickets
A Day of a Test$45 NZD ($28 US)$70 NZD ($43.6)
Men’s LOI$35 ($21.8)$65 ($40.5)
Women’s LOI$20 ($12.5)
Domestic CricketFREE
SuperSmash$15 ($9.4)

*Note: A Test Match Pass (all 5 days) can be purchased, which ranges from $145-220 NZD.

Entry to Plunkett Shield (first class) and Ford Trophy (List A) are free.

Exchange Rate: $ 1 NZD = $0.62 USD

Where to Get NZC Tickets & Sources: NZC Ticket Pricing Summary, NZC Test Tickets, NZ-SL T20 Tickets, SuperSmash Ticket Prices NZ, NZ Domestic Cricket Tickets

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4. West Indies ($59-564)

Watching 2 days of a men’s Test, 1 ODI, and 2 CPL matches in the Caribbean would cost between $59-564 over the course of a season.

  • Monthly Cost of Living: $979 (Trinidad & Tobago), $1,153 (Saint Lucia), $803 (Guyana), $1,145 (Saint Kitts & Nevis), $1,465 (Antigua & Barbuda), $829 (Jamaica), $1,258 (Barbados)
  • Average Monthly Net Salary: $1470.64 (T & T), $1295 (St. Lucia)
  • Annual Inflation Rate: 1.5% (T&T), 1.8% (St. Lucia), 2.5% (St. K&N) 2.6% (A&B)
  • Estimated Monthly Savings: $100-500

*The savings, cost of living, and salary varies from nation to nation in the Caribbean

Type of MatchGeneral Admission Ticket Price (Adult)Premium Tickets
A Day of a Test$10$50
Men’s LOI$15$100
CPL$12$182

Sources: West Indies Cricket Tickets, CPL Tickets, India-WI Test 2023

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5. South Africa ($44-89)

Two days of a men’s Test, 1 Men’s ODI, 1 Women’s ODI, and 2 SA20 matches in Bangladesh would cost a spectator somewhere in the range of $44-89 in one season.

  • Monthly Cost of Living: $974
  • Average Monthly Net Salary: $1446.04
  • Annual Inflation Rate: 4.9%
  • Estimated Monthly Savings: $472.04
  • Percent of Savings Spent on Cricket (Live): 3.1%-6.3%
Type of MatchGeneral Admission Ticket Price (Adult)Premium Tickets
A Day of a TestZAR 190 ($10.9)ZAR 230 ($13.2)
Men’s LOIZAR 160 ($9.2) ZAR 350 ($20.1)
Women’s LOIZAR 25 ($1.4)ZAR 80 ($4.6)
Domestic CricketFREE
SA20ZAR 100 ($5.7)ZAR 330 ($19)

Exchange Rate: $1 USD = 17.4 ZAR

Sources: South Africa-Pakistan Test, SA-Pak T20, Women’s ODI Prices, SA20 Qualifier Prices, CSA 4-day

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6. India ($30-294)

In India, watching 2 days of a men’s Test, 1 ODI, 2 IPL matches, 1 women’s international, and 1 WPL match in a season, would cost (on tickets alone) between $30-140 on the lower end and about $294 on the higher end over a season. Keep in my end, that or certain IPL teams like RCB, tickets can go as high as $634 alone!

  • Monthly Cost of Living: $423
  • Average Monthly Net Salary: $633.49
  • Annual Inflation Rate: 4.6%
  • Estimated Monthly Savings: $210.49
  • Percent of Savings Spent on Cricket (Live): 14.25%+

*This is a bit skewed since population of India has widespread economic disparity. Those who can probably afford to purchase tickets are the only ones that would purchase those premium/VIP tickets.

Type of MatchGeneral Admission Ticket Price (Adult)Premium/VIP
A Day of a TestINR 125-200 ($1.5-2.4)INR 1000-2000 ($12-24)
LOIINR 750 ($9)INR 10000 ($119.8)
Women’s InternationalFREE*INR 150 ($1.8)
Domestic CricketFREE
IPLINR 700-5000 ($8.4-60)INR 5000-52938 ($59.9-$634.4)
WPLINR 100-500 ($1.2-6)

As per Hindustan Times, “Pricing is decided as per demand and supply, affordability, culture, and the eagerness of the people to pay” when it comes to IPL prices. Hence, there is a wide range in IPL tickets depends on which player/teams are playing and when the ticket has been purchased.

Here are some other notes:

  • Non-international matches are free to attend.
  • *The entry to women’s Test between India & South Africa was free, while the T20Is were priced for INR 150.

Exchange Rate: 1 INR = $0.01 USD ($1 USD = 83.44 INR)

Sources: Ind-Ban 1st Ticket Ticket Prices, India-NZ Wankhede Ticket Prices, IPL Ticket Prices, India-South Africa Women’s Series, India-Australia 2023 T20I Prices

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7. Pakistan ($20-155)

Watching 2 days of a men’s Test, 1 ODI, and 2 PSL matches in Pakistan would cost between $20-155 over the course of a season.

  • Monthly Cost of Living: $370
  • Average Monthly Net Salary: $182.81
  • Annual Inflation Rate: 24.8%
  • Estimated Monthly Debt: $187.19

*No savings if we go by the averages above

Type of MatchGeneral Admission Ticket Price (Adult)Premium Tickets
A Day of a TestPKR 500 ($1.8)PKR 2800 ($10.1)
LOIPKR 500 ($1.8)PKR 7500 ($27)
Women’s InternationalFREE
Domestic CricketFREEPKR 1600 ($5.8)
PSLPRK 2000 ($7.20)PKR 15000 ($54)

*Note: The premium tickets do not include the hospitality individual boxes. Those tickets can go 5-10x as high as the premium tickets.

Exchange Rate: $1 USD = 277.87 PKR

Sources: Pakistan-Bangladesh Tests, PSL Tickets, Champions Cup Tickets, Pak-NZ T20I Prices, Pak-SA Multan T20s

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8. Zimbabwe ($8-35)

Two days of a men’s Test and 1 Men’s ODI in Zimbabwe, 1 Women’s ODI would cost a spectator somewhere in the range of $8-35 in one season.

*Note: The salary and cost of living data for Zimbabwe is not reliable.

Type of MatchGeneral Admission Ticket Price (Adult)Premium
Men’s LOI$2 USD$10 USD
Women’s LOI$2$5

Sources: WC Qualifier, Zimbabwe-Bangladesh 2021 Women’s

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9. Sri Lanka ($6-115)

In Sri Lanka, watching 2 days of a men’s Test, 1 ODI, and 2 LPL matches would cost between $5.52-$114.8 over the course of a season.

  • Estimated Monthly Debt: $230.22

*No savings if we go by the averages above

Type of MatchGeneral Admission Ticket Price (Adult)Premium Tickets
A Day of a TestLKR 300 ($0.98)LKR 7500 ($24.6)
Men’s LOILKR 500 ($1.6)LKR 10000 ($32.8)
LPLLKR 300 ($0.98)LKR 5000 ($16.4)

Exchange Rate: $1 USD = 304.8 LKR

Sources: India-Sri Lanka 2024 T20I Tickets, Lanka Premier League 2021 Tickets, 2022 LPL Ticket Range, Barmy Army ripped off by SLC, 2012 Price Hike

10. Bangladesh ($6-71)

Two days of a men’s Test, 1 ODI, and 2 BPL matches in Bangladesh would cost a spectator somewhere in the range of $6-71 in one season.

  • Monthly Cost of Living: $521
  • Average Monthly Net Salary: $240.50
  • Annual Inflation Rate: 9.3%
  • Estimated Monthly Debt: $280.5

*No savings if we go by the averages above

Type of MatchGeneral Admission Ticket Price (Adult)Premium Tickets
A Day of a TestBDT 100 ($0.84)BDT 1000 ($8.4)
Men’s LOIBDT 150 ($1.26)BDT 1500 ($12.6)
BPLBDT 200 ($1.68)BDT 2500 ($20.9)

Exchange Rate: $1 USD = 119.51 BDT

Sources: BPL Ticket Price Range, NZ-Ban Dhaka Tickets, SL-Ban ODI Tickets

How Do Other Sports Compare?

According to Statista, here is how much the average cost of tickets for some sports league range at:

Long story short, watching sports can be a fun and expensive experience.

Final Thoughts

The main thought of writing this article was to answer the question, “Is cricket affordable for the common man?”

With rising cost of living standards around the world and mobile/TV accessibility of cricket, are boards doing enough to incentivize followers to go to the ground?

In general, cricket is not as expensive as other sports. However, if Test cricket is to survive, £95 Day 4 tickets is probably not going to help.

If the trend continues, cricket will become only an elitist game. It began as an elitist game, but do we want to keep it that way?

If you are interested in cricket & finance, consider checking out the following:

© Copyright @Nitesh Mathur and Broken Cricket Dreams, LLC 2023. Originally published on 07/29/2024. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this site’s author and/or owner is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Broken Cricket Dreams with appropriate and specific direction to the original content (i.e. linked to the exact post/article).

Retractable Roofs in Cricket—Yay or Nay? Is it Worth the Hassle?

Rain Rain Go Away,

Come Again Another Day

Little Johnny Wants to Play

This nursery rhyme hits a little too close to heart for cricket fans.

Rain, Rain Go Away

Case and point, Greater Noida 2024.

In case you were living under a rock this past week, the scheduled Test match between Afghanistan & New Zealand was called off without a single ball bowled due to rain, wet outfield, and drainage issues.

Bizarre.

A few days prior, the Sri Lanka-England series was rudely interrupted by bad light. We even had to sit through Chris Woakes’ off-spin.

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So What?

Umpires bringing out their light meters out is a common sight in England’s overcast conditions.

We cannot control the weather. So, how can we fix this?

Several proposals have come up over the years: Better Drainage systems (see Sri Lanka), pink ball all the time (especially England), and earlier starts in the day for late-summer months.

All are good ideas, but let’s consider another idea that has been vaguely mentioned—A covered or ‘retractable’ stadium.

Remember that one stadium where the Shahid Afridi hit 12 runs in one ball? Yep, that’s the one.

Key Takeaways

  • In one of our previous analysis, “How Much Money Does It Take to Host a Test Match?,” we estimated that it takes about $350,000-$1.4 million per 5-day Test depending on the technology used i.e. about $70,000-$280,000 per day of cricket.
  • It takes about $100-$150 million to add a retractable roof in a stadium (although in some cases the expenses ballooned up to $300 million). For maintenance & repairs, a future budget between $20-30 million needs to be kept aside.
  • It would take about 357-4,286 days of rain affected matches for the cost of the retractable roof to recover*
  • In England’s 2024 home season (men’s), six days were rain-affected, one of which was washed out and 5 others were affected by bad light. In 2023, 9 Tests & 5 ODIs were impacted by rain, five of which were no results or complete wash outs. At least 2-5 Hundred matches were marred by rain as well.
  • The 2024 T20 World Cup had 8 rain-affected games with four abandonments, while the 2019 ODI WC in England had 3 washouts, 4 reduced matches, and one two-day semi-final contest.

*If the roof is only used for international cricket and no other sport

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Retractable Roofs in Cricket, Does it Make Economic Sense?

The city of Charlotte in North Carolina is currently debating whether to spend $650 million for a stadium upgrade without a roof or shell out $800 million with one.

Adding a roof will make the stadium more likely to get gigs for the Super Bowl or College Football Title. Why is this important?

According to Statista, a whopping 123.4 million tuned in for Super Bowl in 2024. It is estimated that consumers spend about $18.7 billion on Super Bowl Sunday, adding to the U.S. economy.

The NFL cannot afford to lose millions of advertising dollars due to weather or unnecessary delays, so they are more inclined to pick stadiums with a covered roof.

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What is the Return on Investment?

In 2001, the Milwaukee Brewers installed a retractable roof. The Miller Park roof has helped draw over 1 million additional fans every year.

Rick Schlesigner, the CEO of Brewers said that he is “very pleased with the roof.” As of 2018, the roof had been used 4,014 times and had “delivered its promise to fans.”

What About Maintenance?

Building the stadium is only a part of the equation, recurring repair & maintenance costs is the other. Brewers’ have estimated that future repairs, maintenance, ironworkers, engineers, roofers will cost about $37.1 million.

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How Much Do Domes & Retractable Roofs Cost Around the World?

Like Charlotte, other cities like Buffalo, New York (who are usually trounced by snow storms) have also debated whether to add retractable roofs.

According to AECOM’s “Preliminary Buffalo Bills Stadium Analysis”, making the stadium ‘roof-ready’ will cost them about $109 million, while actually building the new roof will cost about $298 million.

Building NFL stadiums is already a costly endeavor. According to Constructive Dive, the overall construction cost for the SoFi Stadium in Los Angeles cost a record $5.5 billion (most expensive stadium ever built), Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta was about $1.5 billion, and the U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis was about $1.2 billion.

Similar, the owner of the MLB team, New York Mets, estimated that it would take them $800 million to add a retractable roof, while it would have only costed $125 million if it were to be installed during construction.

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Cost of Domes and Retractable Roofs in Sports

Here are a few examples of stadiums from different sports and how much their construction cost for a covered stadium. This is not an exhaustive list by any means.

Although cricket was a pioneer in adopting technologies like Hawkeye, it is way behind in architectural investment and innovation.

Archibald Stadium – Carrier Dome ($26.85 Million)

  • Sport: College Football
  • Location: Syracuse, New York
  • Capacity: 40,000

In 1980, Carrier Dome at Syracuse University was one of the first covered domes and the largest collegiate dome. It cost about $27 million back then. The dome was later renovated in 2021 for $118 million.

Sources: IndustryTap

No. 1 Court, Wimbledon (£71 million ~ $93 Million)

  • Sport: Tennis
  • Location: London, England
  • Capacity: 12,345

Sources: Independent

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Lucas Oil Stadium ($100 Million)

  • Sport: NFL
  • Location: Indianapolis, Indiana
  • Capacity: 70,000
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Sources: IndyStar

Arthur Ashe Stadium ($150 Million)

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  • Sport: Tennis
  • Location: Queens, New York
  • Capacity: 23,771

Sources: Reuters Report, Rules of When to Close the Roof

Marvel (Docklands) Stadium ($270 Million)

  • Sport: Multipurpose (AFL, Rugby, Soccer, Cricket, Grand Prix)
  • Location: Melbourne, Australia
  • Capacity: 50,000

*Note: The $270 million ($460 million AUD) cost is for the entire stadium construction, not just the roof.

Sources: StadiumDB

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Proposed Stadiums

Huntington Bank Field, Cleveland Browns ($2.4 Billion – Proposed)

  • Sport: NFL
  • Location: Cleveland, Ohio
  • Capacity: 70,000

The proposed $2.4 billion investment for the dome would be split between public and private financing, making the $1.2 billion allocated for private investment as the largest private per capita stadium investment in the country.

Sources: Sportico

Macquerie Point Stadium ($375 Million – Proposed)

  • Sport: AFL, Cricket
  • Location: Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
  • Capacity: 23,000

This stadium will utilize ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), essentially a plastic-see through roof. This is based of other stadiums that have used ETFE like the Allianz Arena in Munich, Dunedin’s Forsyth Barr Rugby stadium (cost around $200 million overall), Las Vegas bowl, and Bejing.

Sources: The Daily Mail

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The ‘Big O’ Montreal Stadium ($875 Million – Proposed)

  • Sport: Olympics Stadium
  • Location: Montreal, Canada
  • Capacity: 73,000

*Note: The 1976 Olympic stadium is getting a makeover with the roof itself costing $875 million. The replacement roof will not be retractable, but will be translucent to allow for sunlight.

Sources: Soccer Stadium Digest, Montreal News

Honorable Mentions: The Te Kaha multipurpose stadium in Christchurch, New Zealand is forecasted to run at $683 million (all costs, including roof).

Who Pays for It?

In most cases, the city that hosts the stadium is responsible for paying for any stadium, construction, and repair costs.

Influx of private partnership is helping alleviate some of the costs that the local government gets burdened with.

Due to the complex funding structure, the planning and construction process can go through political interference, red tape, delays, and budget overruns.

How Will A Retractable Stadium in Cricket Impact Playing Conditions?

Playing conditions play a major role in cricket.

Will the amount of swing decrease in England? Do we want natural elements to go out of the game?

In addition, there is another consideration of air circulation and heat, something that the Arthur Ashe stadium had issues with.

How Much Money Does Cricket Lose to Rain?

To find out how much money cricket lost to rain, we first figured out how many days were affected by rain.

We will consider the last three home seasons for the England’s men’s team as well the last few ICC tournaments.

England Home Season (Men’s)

*Note: W/O denotes complete wash out. N/R denotes No Result

2024 Season

Rain Affected/Wet Outfield Bad Light
3rd T20I v Pak (W/O)
3rd Test v WI, Day 2
1st Test vs SL, Day 2
1st Test vs SL, Day 3
3rd Test vs SL, Day 3
1st Test vs WI, Day 1
1st Test vs SL, Day 1
2nd Test vs SL, Day 3
3rd Test vs SL, Day 1
Day 2
Day 3

2023 Season

Rain Affected/Wet Outfield
Ashes 1st Test, Day 3
1st Test, Day 5
2nd Test, Day 1
2nd Test, Day 3
3rd Test, Day 3
4th Test, Day 4
4th Test, Day 5 (W/O)
5th Test, Day 4
5th Test, Day 5
Ire v Ban, 1st ODI (N/R)
Ire v Ban, 2nd ODI(45-over ODI)
Ire v Eng, 1st ODI (W/O)
Ire v Eng, 3rd ODI (N/R)
NZ v Eng, 2nd ODI (34-over ODI)

*Note: Not many matches were affected by Bad Light in 2023, most of the interruptions were all rain/wet outfield related.

2022 Season

Rain Affected/Wet Outfield Bad Light
1st Test* v Ind, Day 2
Day 3
Day 5 (W/O)
2nd Test* v Ind, Day 1
5th Test v Ind, Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
1st Test v NZ, Day 3
2nd Test v NZ, Day 2
3rd Test v NZ, Day 1
Day 3
Day 5
2nd ODI v SA (29-over ODI)
3rd ODI v SA (N/R)
1st Test v SA, Day 1
3rd Test v SA, Day 1 (W/O)
Day 2 (W/O)
1st Test v Ind, Day 2
2nd Test v Ind, Day 4
3rd Test v Ind, Day 3
4th Test v Ind, Day 3
3rd Test v SA, Day 3
SA, Day 4

*Note: We exclude these matches from our calculations since the 1st 4 Tests of the Pataudi Trophy were held in 2021

ICC & Other Tournaments

  • 2024 T20 World Cup
    • 2024 (M): Match 6 (N/R), Match 23 (W/O), Match 30 (W/O), Match 33 (W/O), Match 34 (10-over), Match 44 (11.2-over DLS), Match 50 (17-over DLS), Match 52 (19-over DLS)
    • 2023 (W): Match 18 (8.2-over DLS)
  • ODI World Cup
    • 2023 (M): Match 35 (25.3-Overs DLS)
    • 2022 (W): Match 5 (27-over), Match 20 (20-over), Match 23 (N/R), Aus-WI SF (45-over)
    • 2019 (M): Match 7 (41-over), Match 11 (W/O), Match 16 (W/O), Match 18 (W/O), Match 21 (48-over), Match 22 (40-over DLS), Match 25 (49-over), Ind-NZ SF (2 days)
    • 2017 (W): Match 6 (W/O), Match 21 (24-over DLS), Ind-Aus SF (42-over)
  • The Hundred
    • 2024 (W): Match 21 (W/O), Match 32 (N/R)
    • 2024 (M): Match 21 (N/R), Match 29 (44-balls), Match 30 (N/R), Match 32 (30-balls)
    • 2023 (W): Match 2 (W/O), Match 3 (W/O), Match 6 (W/O), Match 7 (W/O), Eliminator (N/R)
    • 2023 (M): Match 2 (40-balls), Match 6 (N/R), Match 7 (W/O), Match 11 (NR), Match 18 (90-balls)
    • 2022 (M/W): None

Note: We only consider England’s home season and The Hundred. County Championship, Royal One Day Cup, and the T20 Vitality Blast lose a number of matches.

Also Read: How Much Money Does it take the ICC to Host a Cricket World Cup? (Case Study), How Has England’s Domestic Cricket Schedule Changed in the Last 50 Years?

Final Thoughts

For a sport that seems to be struggling financially on a larger scale, adding a retractable roof in cricket is, in most cases, a bad idea.

Of course, we cannot build a retractable in every stadium. However, countries that can afford and/or have a dire need may be able to afford this on a case-by-case basis.

For example, the Wankhede, Eden Gardens, or the Narendra Modi Stadium in India, SSC in Sri Lanka, Lord’s in England (in case they host the WTC Final for the next 100 years), and the MCG in Australia for some of the larger occasions.

Richer leagues like the NFL & MLB may help subsidize the cost of ultra-expensive stadiums in the USA. With IPL’s growing wealth, the BCCI may be able to help subsidize these types of stadium enhancements around the world as well. Who knows.

What do you think?

Anyway, retractable roofs in cricket are just one part of the alternative. We will do deep dive into how drainage systems work in cricket and other sports at a different time.

****

Thanks for reading!

Other Sources: Walter Moore Roof Stadium Projects, Baseball Stadiums Analysis, Las Vegas New $1.5 Billion Stadium

Also Read:

© Copyright @Nitesh Mathur and Broken Cricket Dreams, LLC 2023. Originally published on 07/29/2024. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this site’s author and/or owner is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Broken Cricket Dreams with appropriate and specific direction to the original content (i.e. linked to the exact post/article).

How Has England’s Domestic Cricket Schedule Changed in the Last 50 Years?

In a famous scene from the The Newsroom, Jeff Daniels’ character, Will McAvoy, exclaims,

“First problem in solving any problem is recognizing there is one.”

– Will McAvoy, The Newsroom

England cricket is having a mid-life crisis for about a decade now.

Although The Hundred is at the heart of that conversation, we should recognize that the larger issues that plague English cricket are finances and scheduling.

We have already looked at the financial statements of all counties and the level of debt they are in.

Today, we look at how scheduling has changed for first-class counties over the past 50 years and excavate some patterns.

Let’s dive right in.

Key Takeaways

  • The Vitality T20 blast is currently at a 133-match season. When it began in 2003 (as the Twenty20 Cup), it was only a 48-match tournament and reached its peak with a 151-match season during 2010-11.
  • Back in 1962, each County team played between 28-32 matches for a total of 254 three-day matches. 50 years later, The County Championship has become a 126 four-day match affair, where each team plays 14 matches.
  • 48.92% of the 1987 first class season was County Championship matches (204/417), whereas only 34.05% of the 2024 season is County matches (126/370).
  • In 1975, there were 25 days of international cricket (5 Tests). By the time we got to 2010, the English home season had 51 days of international cricket.

Table of Contents

Why Do We Care? The Scheduling Challenge for English Cricket

The England-Sri Lanka series has continuously been interrupted for bad light. Chris Woakes even bowled a few hilariously filthy off-spin deliveries!

Well that’s what you get for hosting home English Test matches in September.

In other news, Tymal Mills has criticized the scheduling of the T20 Blast since international players will most likely miss the final. The finals is slated for September 14th, the same week England-Australia T20Is will take place.

These are all valid issues. However, why is it that the English domestic cricket schedule is scrutinized all the time, but the Indian domestic system is not?

Mainly weather.

English Weather and Summer Break

According to the climate portal of the World Bank Group, average precipitation in the UK increases dramatically between September and October from about 90 mm to 130 mm.

May is the driest month, while July is the hottest month.

Attention Spans are Getting Shorter

With AI taking over the world and everybody glued to their phones, it is no surprise that attention spans are getting shorter.

Students in the UK usually have a summer break from mid-July to late August, and schools go back in session around September. That’s not all—The Wimbledon takes place between the end of June & mid-July with the English Premier League following in mid-August.

The challenge for English domestic cricket is to simultaneously capture the attention of the public and escape from rain. Trying to fit international cricket, County Championship, and 3 separate limited over tournaments within 3-4 months and with the same group of players is nigh impossible and borderline, insane.

Indian cricket has the luxury to host the IPL between March-May and still have the Ranji Trophy & their Test between October-February. The rest of the year, India can host bilaterals and other tournaments like the Duleep Trophy, Syed Mushtaq Ali, etc.

English Domestic Season in a Nutshell

The modern English domestic season mainly consists of the following four types of tournament:

  • County Championship (first class), ODI Cup (List A), T20 Blast (domestic T20), experimental (currently, The Hundred)
  • For this analysis, we have looked at the schedules of County Championship, T20 Blast, The Hundred, Benson & Hedges Cup, Gillette Cup, Royal London One Day Cup, Sunday League, Bob Willis Trophy, and England’s international schedules.

*Note: Competitions involving National/minor counties, universities, MCC exhibition matches, and and tournaments such as Gentleman vs Players (ran from 1806-1963) are not considered in this analysis.

Embed from Getty Images

How Does the Current 2024 Domestic Season Look Like?

In theory, a three-format English cricketer who plays all possible matches in domestic cricket and The Hundred can play a maximum of 125 days of cricket at home given there is no overlap. That is 68.30% of the 183 total days between April 1st and September 30th.

2024 Season (Current Format with the Hundred)

Total Domestic Matches: 370

  • Max Days of Internationals: 37
  • Max Day of Domestic Cricket Per County: 88 (56 first class, 32 limited overs)
    • County Championship: 14 Matches (4 day per match)
    • Royal One Day Cup: 8
    • Vitality T20 Blast: 14
    • The Hundred: 10

International Home Season Breakdown

  • May 22-May 30: 4 T20Is vs Pakistan (4 maximum days of cricket)
  • July 10-July 28: 3 Tests vs West Indies (15 maximum days of cricket)
  • August 21-September 10: 3 Tests vs Sri Lanka (15)
  • September 11-September 29: 3 T20Is, 5 ODIs (8)
CompetitionTypeMatchesDate Range
County ChampionshipFirst-Class1265 Apr-29 Sept
One Day Cup50 Overs7730 May-14 Sept
T20 Blast20 Overs13324 Jul-22 Sept
The Hundred100 Balls3423 Jul-18 Aug

County Championship (1948-2024)

Before 1988, all County Championship Matches were played as 3-day games. After 1993, all matches became 4-day affairs and between 1988-1992, it was a mix of 3 and 4 day games.

Here are some additional notes:

  • In 1992, Durham was added as the 18th team in the County Championship. Before 1988, we have 17 teams and 18 teams after.
  • Between 1960-1962, a team could play a maximum of 32 first class games or a maximum of 96 days of cricket (since County was only 3 days back then).
  • Between 1988-1991, each team played sixteen 3-day matches (120 matches total) and six 4-day matches.
  • In comparison, a player in the 2024 County Championship could play a maximum of 14 first class games or a maximum of 56 days of first class cricket (4-day).

The ‘cricketing days’ column is the (number of matches) * (3 or 4) depending if it is a 3-day or 4-day match. This does not represent the actual days played since multiple County matches may overlap on a single day.

YearsTotal MatchesCricketing DaysMatches Per Team
1948-194922166326
1950-195923871428
1960-1962254762Mix of 28/32
1963-196823871428
1969-197120461224
1972-197617251620
1977-198218756122
1983-198720461224
1988-199118762822
199219862822
1993-199915260817
2000-201614457616
2017-201912650414
2020*46
(Bob Willis Trophy)
184
2021126 (+1 BW Trophy)50814
2022-202412650414

Note*: In 2020, the County Championship was cancelled, and only the Bob Willis Trophy took place.

Embed from Getty Images

T20 Vitality Blast

The schedule for the T20 Blast has been an issue since The Hundred began, but was it ever a reasonable schedule?

Annie Chave, editor of County Cricket Matters, mentioned to me in a message,

“There’s never really been a perfect schedule…I thought it worked well when T20s were on Friday nights and there seemed to be a regularity in the season, but I also liked a little bit of B&H & Gillette Cup!”

Between 2003-2019, the format of the T20 Blast, formerly known as the Twenty20 Cup, changed a staggering 7 times ranging from 48-matches to 151-matches.

The Early Years (2003-2009)

The early years had a pretty decent number of matches gradually increasing from 48 to 97.

(Side note: There is no direct correlation between an earlier end date for the T20 Blast and number of rained out matches as we can see from 2007-2008).

YearMatchesFinals DateRained Out Matches
20034819th July0
2004527th August4
20057930th July11
20067912th August2
2007794th August19
20089726th July20
20099715th August3
Twenty20 Cup (2003-2009)

The Expansion and T20 Blast Scheduling Overkill (2014-2020)

The 2010s were when the scheduling problem amplified not only in the English domestic scene, but also internationally.

The domestic schedule could theoretically afford the increase from 97 games in 2009 to 151 in 2010 since the Gillette Cup & Sunday League ended and morphed into a single ECB 40 competition, but it realistically made the domestic schedule even more complex.

YearMatchesFinals DateRained Out Matches
201015114th August5
201115127th August23
20129725th August20
20139717th August1
201413323rd August12
201513329th August9
201613320th August15
20171332nd September16
201813315th September12
201913321st September24
2020*974th October12
T20 Blast (2010-2020)

Post The Hundred (2021-2024)

YearMatchesFinals DateRained Out Matches
202113318th September13
202213316th July6
202313315th July2
202413314th September10
T20 Blast (2021-2024)

The Hundred

The reason The Hundred has become a point of contention is not necessarily due to the new format created of out of the whim.

Rather, it goes back to attention span. Late July to mid-August is a coveted window in the English domestic calendar.

The Hundred being scheduled during this valuable time slot means that T20 Blast matches becomes a secondary tournament. Furthermore, Test series are delayed to September, where there is a higher likelihood of being affected by rain or bad light. In addition, some rounds of the T20 Blast and the Royal One Day occur during this time, which means County teams have to find a second XI to field their teams (since most marquee players would be at The Hundred).

YearStarting DateEnding Date
202123rd July18th August
20221st August27th August
2023 3rd August3rd September
202421st July21st August
The Hundred (2021-2024)

T20 Vitality Blast Attendance

In 2003, the Vitality Blast begun with an attendance of about 257,759. Over the years, the attendance has ebbed and flowed and has slightly dipped since the inception of the 100-ball competition:

  • 2003: 257,759 (5,370 average attendance)
  • 2007: 415,751 (5,263)
  • 2008: 583,642 (6,016)
  • 2010: 676,753 (4,481)
  • 2014: 740,205 (5,565)
  • 2018: 931,455 (7,003)
  • 2019: 920,000 (6,917)
  • 2022: 800,000 (6,015)

Sources: George Dobell’s ESPNCricinfo article, Being Outside Cricket Blog

Frustrating 2024 Schedule

We can see why the current T20 Blast schedule is frustrating. There are long gaps and break of continuity, a situation worsened by The Hundred.

  • May 30-June 21: Round 1
  • July 5-19: Round 2
  • September 3-6: Quarter-finals
  • September 14: Semi-finals and Final

Sam Billings sums the situation up perfectly.

One Day Tournaments and Experimental Formats

The Hundred is not the first time England cricket is pioneering a new format. They started with 65 overs back in the early 1960s, created a 40-over tournament that built the backbone of England’s 2009 WC winning squad, and are now experimenting with 100-ball cricket.

Here is a brief timeline:

  • 2014-2024: Royal London One Day Cup
  • 2021-2024: The Hundred
  • 2010-2013: ECB 40
  • 1972-2002: Benson & Hedges Cup (55-overs first few years, then 50 overs)
  • 1969-2009: Sunday League/National League/NatWest Pro40 (50, 45, then 40 overs)
  • 1963-2009: Gillette Cup/NatWest Trophy/C&G Trophy/Friends Provident Trophy

Notes*:

  • The Sunday League was also referred to as the John Player League
  • C&G Trophy: Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy

How Has the English International & Domestic Season Evolved Over the Past 60 Years?

1962 Season (Longest Recent County Championship Season, Last Season Pre-ODIs)

Total Domestic Matches: 278

  • Max Days of Internationals: 25
  • Max Days of Domestic Cricket Per County: 80
    • 78 County Matches, 1-2 tour match against Pakistan

International Home Season

  • May 31st-20th August: 5 Tests vs Pakistan (max 25 days of cricket)
    • April 28th-10th September: 24 First-Class Tour matches (72 days) apart from 7 other unofficial matches
Embed from Getty Images

1975 Season (World Cup and Ashes Year)

Total Domestic Matches: 377

By 1975, the modern English domestic season was established, and ODI cricket had taken its root in England. This was an interesting season because it also had an Ashes series and the inaugural ODI World Cup.

  • Max Days of Internationals: 25
  • Max Days of Domestic Cricket Per County: 88 (60 first class, 28 limited overs)
    • County Championship: 60 (20 matches)
    • Sunday League: 16
    • Benson & Hedges Cup: 7
    • Gillete Cup: 5 (Knockout format)
  • County Championship
  • Gillete Cup, Sunday League, Friends Provident Trophy

International Home Season

  • 10 July 1975-3 September 1975: 4-Test Ashes (20 days max)
  • ODI World Cup: 5 Matches Max (3 Group, semi-final, and final)
CompetitionTypeNumber of MatchesDate Range
County ChampionshipFirst-Class17230 Apr-17 Sept
1975 ODI WC60 overs157 Jun-21 Jun
Gillete Cup60 Overs22 25 Jun-6 Sept
Sunday League40 Overs1364 May-14 Sept
Benson & Hedges Cup55 Overs4726 Apr-19 Jul
Embed from Getty Images

1987 Season (Last of 3-Day County Matches)

Total Domestic Matches: 417

  • Max Days of Internationals: 28
  • Max Days of Domestic Cricket Per County: 100 (72 first class, 28 limited overs)
    • County Championship: 72 (24 matches)
    • Refuge Assurance League: 16
    • Benson & Hedges Trophy: 7
    • Natwest Trophy: 5

International Home Season

  • May 21-May 25: 3 ODIs vs Pakistan (3)
  • June 4-August 11: 5 Tests vs Pakistan (25)
CompetitionTypeMatchesDate Range
County ChampionshipFirst-Class20425 Apr-15 Sept
Natwest Trophy60 Overs3024 Jun-7 Sept
Benson & Hedges Trophy55 Overs472 May-11 Jul
Refuge Assurance League (Sunday)40 Overs1363 May-13 Sept
Embed from Getty Images

2003 Season (Birth of T20 Cricket)

Total Domestic Matches: 413

  • Max Days of Internationals: 32
  • Max Days of Domestic Cricket Per County: 113 (65 first class, 48 limited overs)
    • County Championship: 64 (16 Matches)
    • 1 Tour Match vs South Africa
    • National League: 16
    • National League: 16 (Division I), 18 (Division II)
    • Twenty20 Cup: 7
    • C & G Trophy: 7

International Home Season

  • June 26-July 12: Natwest Series vs South Africa & Zimbabwe (7 matches maximum per team)
  • July 24-September 8: 5 Tests vs South Africa (25)
    • 6 Domestic Tour Matches
CompetitionTypeMatchesDate Range
County ChampionshipFirst-Class14418 Apr-17 Sept
National League (Sunday)45 Overs16227 Apr-21 Sept
Twenty20 Cup20 Overs4813 Jun-19 Jul
C & G Trophy100 Balls5929 Aug 2002-30 Aug 2003
Embed from Getty Images

2005 Season (Ashes Season)

Total Domestic Matches: 416

  • Max Days of International Cricket: 39
  • Max Days of Domestic Cricket Per County: 100 (64 first class, 36 limited overs)
    • County Championship: 64 (16 Matches)
    • National Totesport League: 16 (Division I), 18 (Division II)
    • Twenty20 Cup: 11
    • C & G Trophy: 5

International Home Season

  • May 26-June 5: 2 Tests vs Bangladesh (10)
  • June 13: 1 T20I vs Australia (1)
  • July 7-July 12: 3 ODIs vs Australia (3)
  • July 21-September 12: 5 Test Ashes vs Australia (25)
CompetitionTypeMatchesDate Range
County ChampionshipFirst-Class14413 Apr-24 Sept
National League (Sunday)45 Overs16217 Apr-25 Sept
C&G Trophy50 Overs313 May-3 Sept
Twenty20 Cup20 Overs7922 Jun-30 Jul
Embed from Getty Images

2010 Season (Inaugural ECB40, Expansion of T20 Blast)

Total Domestic Matches: 424

  • Max Days of Home International Cricket: 51
  • Max Days of Domestic Cricket Per County: 96 (64 first class, 32 limited overs)
    • County Championship: 64 (16 matches)
    • T20 Blast: 18
    • ECB 40: 14

International Home Season

  • May 27-June 6: 2 Tests vs Bangladesh (10)
  • June 22-July 3: 5 ODIs vs Australia (5)
  • July 8-July 12: 3 ODIs vs Bangladesh (3)
  • July 29-August 26: 4 Tests vs Pakistan (24)
  • September 5-September 7: 2 T20Is vs Pakistan (2)
  • September 10-September 22: 5 ODIs vs Pakistan (5)

Note: Prior to the home season, 2010 T20 World Cup occurred between April 30-16 May in the West Indies, and England were the winners. They played 7 matches during this campaign.

CompetitionTypeMatchesDate Range
County ChampionshipFirst-Class1449 Apr-16 Sept
ECB Clydesdale Bank 4040 Overs12925 Apr-18 Sept
Friends Provident T20 Blast20 Overs1511 Jun-14 Aug
Embed from Getty Images

2019 Season (World Cup, Ashes Pre-Hundred)

Total Domestic Matches: 336

  • Max Days of International Cricket: 46
  • Max Days of Domestic Cricket Per County: 84 (56 first class, 28 limited overs)
    • County Championship: 56 (14)
    • T20 Blast: 17
    • Royal One-Day Cup: 11

International Home Season

  • May 5-19: 1 T20I, 5 ODIs vs Pakistan (6)
    • 3 List A Tour matches
  • May 30-14 July: 2019 ODI World Cup (11 matches – 9 group, semi-final, final)
  • July 24-27: 1 Test vs Ireland (4-Day Test)
  • August 1-September 16: 5 Tests vs Australia (25)
    • 3 Tour matches (2 3-day, 1 4-day)
CompetitionTypeMatchesDate Range
County ChampionshipFirst-Class1265 Apr-26 Sept
2019 ODI WC50 Overs4830 May-14 Jul
Royal One Day Cup50 Overs7717 Apr-19 May
T20 Blast20 Overs13318 Jul-21 Sept
Embed from Getty Images

2023 Season (Ashes Post-Hundred)

Total Domestic Matches: 370

  • Max Days of Internationals: 40
  • Max Days of Domestic Cricket Per County: 95 (57 first class, 38 limited overs)
    • County Championship: 56 (14 matches)
    • 1 tour Match
    • Vitality T20 Blast: 17
    • One Day Cup: 11
    • The Hundred: 10

International Home Season

  • June 1-4: 1 Test vs Ireland (4-Day Test)
    • One tour Match took place
  • June 16-July 31: 5-Test Ashes vs Australia (25)
  • August 30-September 15: 4 T20Is, 4 ODIs vs New Zealand (8)
    • 2 Tour matches
  • September 20-26: 3 ODIs vs Ireland (3)

*Note: The ICC World Test Championship took place between 7-11th June at the Oval.

CompetitionTypeMatchesDate Range
County ChampionshipFirst-Class1266 Apr-29 Sept
One Day Cup50 Overs771 Aug-16 Sept
T20 Blast20 Overs13320 May-15 July
The Hundred100 Balls341 Aug-27 Aug

Final Thoughts

From the ECB point of view, I get it. More limited over matches means more attendance, and in the long term, better financial stability (hopefully), but is the overkill of cricket really worth it?

Vic Marks warned in a 2003 Guardian article, Less is more for Twenty20,

“We all recognise that the Twenty20 Cup has been a startling success…Yet I would make a plea to the ECB and the administrators around the counties who smell a golden goose…Cricket is not good at this. At international level, look at the congested schedules that are exhausting players and spectators alike. Short-term greed will backfire.

– Vic Marks

That was 2003, when the Twenty20 Cup was only 48 matches, and The Hundred did not exist. 21 years later with the proliferation of franchise leagues and ICC tournaments every year, the situation has become even worse.

The ECB continued with the same 133-match format for the T20 Blast even after The Hundred. Maybe there is a case to go back to 2005-07 format, where 79-matches were played throughout or abolish The Hundred altogether.

Is there a Solution to England’s Schedule Woes?

Is there a solution?

Probably, but that is beyond the scope of this article (I have a ‘truly marvelous’ solution to this issue, but the margins are too narrow to contain it).

However, little changes can go a long way.

For starters, as Adam Collins argues on his podcast, scheduling September Test matches earlier in the day or adding lost overs to the beginning of the next day can be a start.

Remember, today’s goal was not to solve England’s domestic scheduling problem. Rather, it was to realize that this is the main problem for England’s administration to solve.

****

Thank you all for reading!

What do you all think about how to resolve the domestic English schedule? Comment below, would love to know your thoughts!

If You Like Reading about Problems & Solutions in Cricket, you may enjoy

If You Like Reading about English Cricket, you may also enjoy

© Copyright @Nitesh Mathur and Broken Cricket Dreams, LLC 2023. Originally published on 09/08/2024. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this site’s author and/or owner is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Broken Cricket Dreams with appropriate and specific direction to the original content (i.e. linked to the exact post/article).

I Asked the NCAA if Cricket Can Become an Official NCAA Sport—Here is What I Found Out

Do you know how many undergraduate collegiate varsity cricket teams exist in the United States?

ONE.

You read that right. Haverford College in Pennsylvania is the only American institution that has an official varsity cricket team (more on them later).

As we learned from Avinash’s journey earlier, America has numerous cricket clubs across the country. In addition, there is the National College Cricket Association and the American College Cricket League. However, neither are officially affiliated with USA’s official body to regulate university sport, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).

If cricket has any chance of survival and wants to be considered a professional sport in the USA, it has to make an effort to become a part of the NCAA sporting fraternity.

What is the NCAA?

The NCAA is a member-led non-profit organization that regulates university sports in the United States.

According to the NCAA Sports Sponsorship and Participation Research, the 2022-2023 academic year boasted a record 523,662 collegiate athletes across 19,923 teams, 1100 schools, and 24 sports resulting in 90 national championships. 65% of USA’s 2024 Paris Olympics contingent were college athletes who previously competed in the NCAA.

Here is the complete list of USA’s 2024 Olympians and which university/division they represented at the university level.

A Brief History Lesson

In the 1904 American college football season, 18 college athletes died and another 159 were injured.

Something had to be done.

So, President Theodore Roosevelt called upon the major universities to regulate football. Several athletic leaders met, 62 colleges signed the inaugural charter, and the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States (IAAUS) was born, which would later be renamed as the NCAA in 1910.

In 1973, NCAA’s current structure of Division I-III sports was established.

Embed from Getty Images

Why Do We Care?

Funding and Facilities.

College sports is the heart of American sports. It has crazy fan following and can generate tremendous financial growth.

The 2006 Rose Bowl between Texas and USC, for example, generated 35.6 million viewers. Michael Jordan was a UNC star before he went off to the Chicago Bulls. Most recently, Caitlin Clark from the University of Iowa helped change the landscape of women’s basketball through her performances at the NCAA championships.

Embed from Getty Images

The Funding

In 2022, Division I NCAA institutions reported a revenue of $17.5 billion, $11.2 billion of which was generated by the athletic departments themselves and $6.3 billion came from government and student fees.

In the same year, Division I institutions also reported spending $17.1 billion. $3 billion of which were spent on student financial aid and $3.3 billion was spent on coach compensation.

Apart from student financial aid and coach compensation, NCAA helps fund sports camps, facilities, medical, recruiting, game travel, etc.

Note: This is only Division I data. More money is spend overall in NCAA sports if we also consider Division II & III.

How NCAA Include a New Sport?

I wanted to learn how a new sport can become a part of the NCAA program.

The Emerging Sports Program for Women is one such program that aims to provide more athletic opportunities for women and can help a new sport achieve NCAA championship status.

The Emerging Sports Program for Women

To learn how cricket can be part of the NCAA, I reached out to the NCAA themselves and asked the following questions:

  • What is the process for a sport to become NCAA recognized?
  • What is the timeline like, and is there data available for how long it took each sport to complete the NCAA eligibility (both men’s and women’s)?
  • Has any organization applied for cricket to become a NCAA sport?

According to the Associate Director of Communications of the NCAA,

“Any sport can be considered” to be a part of the NCAA. However, she had not yet “heard of [cricket’s] application for the emerging sports program.”

After a sporting organization submits the initial application,

“The Committee on Women’s Athletics will review the proposal to determine if it is granted entrance to the Emerging Sports for Women program.”

How Can An Emerging Sport Reach NCAA Championship Status?

She guided me to this document, which outlines how an emerging sport can reach championship status. Here is the breakdown:

  • At least 20 NCAA active members must sponsor the sport at varsity or club level
    • These members need to demonstrate at least 5 intercollegiate contests during an academic year
  • At least 10 letters of commitment are needed from members to sponsor the sport at the varsity level in the year under review
    • The institution’s chancellor/president, the director of athletics, and senior women administrator must sign the commitment
  • Supporting materials for the application include:
    • Budget, Roster size, full-time/part-time coaches, description of facilities, competition opportunities, ‘relationship with sport governing body/organization’
  • Suggested NCAA regulations (Playing Rules, Financial Aid limits, etc.)
  • Data (Injury Rates, Health/Safety, Ethnicity/Race, High school participation rates, etc.)
  • The organization can also submit additional documents from the U.S. Olympic/Paralympic committees, professional sport organizations, etc.

A sport has 10 years from the time it becomes an emerging women’s sport to get to 40 active members, after which it can apply for the NCAA championship status.

What is the Application Process?

A representative of the national governing body must submit an interest form and an official application. Applications open between May 1-August 1 each year, and a sport can apply every two years if is not accepted.

Her final question to me was,

“Have you worked with the governing body for Cricket in the U.S.?

I have not yet worked with the governing body for Cricket in the U.S., but if we are serious about making a collective push for cricket to be included in the NCAA, one of us has to reach out to USA cricket and officially apply for the Emerging Sports program.

Embed from Getty Images

List of Sports in the NCAA (2024)

Beach volleyball (2015), bowling (2003), water polo (2000), ice hockey (1996), and rowing (1996) have all achieved NCAA championship status recently. Women’s wrestling is on track to become the next one.

Currently, acrobatics & tumbling, equestrian, rugby, stunt, and triathlon are other sports to have become part of the emerging program.

Here is the complete of sports in the NCAA:

  • American football, basketball, baseball, soccer, cross country, gymnastics, swimming, ice hockey, lacrosse, tennis, track, wrestling, water polo, rifle, skiing, fencing, crew, squash, sailing, and bowling.

Did You Know that America Has Only one NCAA Institution with Cricket?

When I looked at the data of NCAA’s composition of sports in 2023-2024 and the NCAA directory, I was pleasantly surprised to find one university come up in Men’s cricket—Haverford College.

According to an ESPN article, Haverford’s “cricket team also has a unique quirk: It’s the only collegiate varsity team in the country.”

Cricket has a rich history at Haverford College dating back to the 1850s. Kamran Khan, a former Pakistan and USA player, has helped coach the team and increase its popularity in recent decades.

As we can see from their recruiting video here, the university funds the facilities and equipment, a major benefit of being an NCAA sport.

Final Thoughts: Are Things Moving in the Right Direction for USA Cricket?

Apart from USA cricket’s administrative issues, cricket seems to be moving in the right direction in America.

Major League Cricket (MLC) has had a couple of successful season, US co-hosted the 2024 T20 World Cup World Cup, and cricket is now a part of the 2028 Los Angeles Olympics. Support from the Indian diaspora, IPL teams, and Australian partnerships have all proved to be fruitful, and the MLC has largely avoided going the way of previous failed attempts to bring cricket to the US.

The initial impetus has been provided, but it has still not become a part of the general American sporting experience.

Is NCAA the only way cricket can grow in America?

No, pickleball became the ‘fastest growing’ game in America without going through the NCAA route, but I do not see cricket following that route anytime soon.

Lots of promising players are coming up in the American circuit. However, if financial aid, proper facilities, and incentive to continue playing cricket are not provided, talent may switch to other sports.

Therefore, if cricket has to succeed or even stay remotely relevant in the American market, it has to break through the American college market first.

****

That was my tidbits, what do you think should be done to grow cricket in America? Comment below and share ahead. Thanks for reading!

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Image Credit: Image generated with assistance from AI (Grok 2.0) and Canva

© Copyright @Nitesh Mathur and Broken Cricket Dreams, LLC 2023. Originally published on 08/17/2024. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this site’s author and/or owner is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Broken Cricket Dreams with appropriate and specific direction to the original content (i.e. linked to the exact post/article).

I Read Every County Cricket Club’s Financials—Fascinating Revelations! Are County Cricket Clubs Really Struggling?

The ECB have managed to get approval from the 18 counties and the MCC for a ‘direction of travel’ (whatever that means) as a next step towards privatizing The Hundred. This will change the revenue model currently in place between the ECB & the Counties.

This made me wonder why the ECB had come up with The Hundred in the first place and why they are now moving towards privatizing the tournament.

Are all County clubs struggling financially? If yes, how bad are their situations?

I wanted to get to the bottom of this. So I researched all 18 Counties’ (and MCC’s) Annual Reports & Financial Accounts.

Here is what I found out after perusing through about 617 pages of annual reports.

Key Takeaways

  • Surrey (£ 8 Million – 2023), Lancashire (£ 2.4 Million – 2022), and Warwickshire (£ 1.3 Million – 2023) saw the most profit in a year, while Yorkshire (£ 7 Million Loss – 2023), Hampshire (£ 1.3 Million – 2022), and Gloucestershire (£ 1.2 Million – 2023) had the largest losses.
  • I separated the Counties in three categories based on their current financial health status.
    • Green: MCC, Surrey, Lancashire, Warwickshire, Nottinghamshire, Somerset, Durham, Northamptonshire, Derbyshire
    • Yellow: Worcestershire, Kent, Leicestershire, Essex, Glamorgan, Sussex, Middlesex
    • Red: Gloucestershire, Hampshire, Yorkshire
  • Several teams highlighted inflation, rising interest rates, and rising energy costs as points of concerns looking at the future.
  • Although Test cricket is usually costly to host and results in losses for most cricket boards, County Clubs benefit when they host Ashes Tests (and ODIs). Membership soars, tickets are sold out, and the general interest in the County game increases. That is why many Counties experienced a boost in 2023 (except for Yorkshire).
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Which County Cricket Club Earned the Most Money?

The Counties below are arranged by the profit/loss in their latest released financial statements (not their overall reserves). We have summarized quotes from annual reports, factors contributing to growth, future outlook & concerns, etc. to provide a holistic view of the club. We made our financial health assessments as follows:

  • Green: Annual profits (mostly) for two years in a row and surplus reserves.
  • Yellow: (1) Recent annual losses but overall surplus reserves, (2) recent profits but negative reserves, or (3) concerns from the treasurer/CEO/chair in their written statements despite positive financials.
  • Red: Annual losses for two years in a row as well as negative reserves.

If debts and loan repayments were called out in the report, we mention it. However, other important metrics like detailed balance sheet and long-term debt analysis for each County is a deep dive for another day. (All the sources are linked at the end of each section if you are interested to learn more).

*Note: Results are presented from the club’s most recent Annual Report. Some clubs have already released their 2023 reports (that covers both 2023 & 2022 financial reports) while some others have only released 2022 reports (that cover 2022 & 2021 financial reports). The reports are sourced at the end of each section.

**The annual total represents the total comprehensive income for the club after taxation.

1. Surrey (£ 8 Million Profit)

  • Division: Division One
  • Home Ground: The Oval

Financial Health Status: Green

Assessment: Positive annual returns pushed their reserves even higher, but they are expecting a tough 2024.

Surrey’s 2-Year Profit/Loss

Year2023 2022
Annual Total+ £ 7,999,000– £ 1,332,000
Total Reserves+ £ 29,200,000+ £ 21,167,000

Treasurer’s Report Summary

“We have delivered an excellent financial performance in 2023 and look forward to continuing growth over the medium term. In the short term however, we expect a difficult year in 2024. We have a Friday start in our Test match, and an IT20 not an ODI.”

Positive Highlights from Surrey’s Annual Report

  • Membership grew by 18,739
  • Men’s Ashes Test (Sold Out), India vs Australia WTC Final (Sold Out)
  • Women’s Ashes IT20 (20,000 tickets)
  • Strong T20 Vitality Blast Attendance

Financial Concerns for Surrey County Cricket Club

  • Inflation, Increases in Rent
  • Overheads expenses increased by £6,300,000 compared to 2022
  • Staffing Increase Costs (recovery from COVID staff reduction)
  • Hotel Development Costs
  • Bank debt of £9,500,000

*Year ending on 31st January, 2024

Source: Surrey County Cricket Club Annual Report & Accounts 2023/24 (13 Pages)

2. Lancashire (£ 2.4 Million Profit)

  • Division: Division One
  • Home Ground: Old Trafford

Financial Health Status: Green

Assessment: Profits in the last couple of years, attendance growing, things looking pretty solid for Lancashire.

Lancashire’s 2-Year Profit/Loss

Year20222021
Annual Total+ £ 2,422,093 + £ 1,805,747
Total Reserves+ £ 6,077,364+ £ 3,655,444

Finance Report Summary

“The Club’s post pandemic recovery continued in 2022 as we benefitted from a return to normality with a full year of unrestricted crowd.”

Positive Highlights from Lancashire’s Annual Report

  • Hosted 2 ODIs (1 vs India, 1 vs SA) and a Test vs South Africa
  • Hospitality revenues increased, Hotel/Conference/Events revenue recovered from pandemic
  • 4 Sold Out concerts
  • Sponsorship growth
  • Sales increased
  • Ashes and NZ T20I pre-sales
  • 17% higher attendance for the Hundred

Financial Concerns for Lancashire County Cricket Club

  • England vs India Test cancelled in 2021
  • Construction at Old Trafford impacted attendance

*Year ending on 31st December, 2022

Source: Lancashire County Cricket Club Limited Annual Report and Financial Statements (23 Pages)

3. Warwickshire (£ 1.3 Million Profit)

  • Division: Division One
  • Home Ground: Edgbaston

Financial Health Status: Green

Assessment: The Ashes helped boost Warwickshire’s 2023 return. Financial growth moving in the right direction for the club.

Warwickshire’s 2-Year Profit/Loss

Year2023
(10/01/2022-12/31/2023)
2022
(09/30/2021-09/30/2022)
Annual Total+ £ 1,310,068+ £ 123,791
Total Reserves+ £ 8,783,073+ £ 7,233,214

*Note: + £ 277,600 revaluation reserve was added to the + £ 1,310,068 for a total growth of + £ 1,588,069 in the 15-month period.

Chief Operating Officer’s Report Summary

“In summary, revenue for 2023 was substantially higher than in 2022, principally driven by hosting the men’s Ashes Test match. Costs were also substantially higher in 2023 primarily due to the increase in Major Match day (MMDs) staging fees paid to the English and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) and the additional 3 months salary costs…”

Positive Highlights from Warwickshire’s Annual Report

  • Men’s Ashes Test
  • Catering and hospitality revenues (driven by the Ashes Test)
  • T20 Blast and Hundred ticket revenue increases
  • Partnership revenue increases

Financial Concerns for Warwickshire County Cricket Club

  • Expenses increase (cost of sale, administrative cost, overhead costs)
  • Inflation
  • Operating EBITDA decreased 6%

*Year ending on 31st December, 2023 (Note: Warwickshire changed their annual report date from 30th September to December so had 15-months to account for in this latest report instead of just the 12).

Source: Warwickshire County Cricket Club 2023 Annual Report (25 Pages), 2023 Summary

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4. Nottinghamshire (£ 700,000 Profit)

  • Division: Division One
  • Home Ground: Trent Bridge

Financial Health Status: Green

Assessment: Although 2022 was not as profitable as 2021, the club retains its massive surplus.

Nottinghamshire’s 2-Year Profit/Loss

Year20222021
Annual Total+ £ 689,623 + £ 1,331,476
Total Reserves+ £ 6,726,973 + £ 6,037,335

Treasurer’s Report Summary

“Although there were some positive and negative movements in comparison tour budget for the year, the end result was closely aligned to our forecasts. he continued generation of surpluses has ensured the club continues to meet all of its debt repayments, minimising any interest charges accrued…”

Positive Highlights from Nottinghamshire’s Annual Report

  • Hosted Test, T20I
  • “Larger-than-forecast number of membership subscriptions
  • Strong catering and retail return on Day 5 of Test match
  • “Successful staging of The Hundred…to a significantly better level than in 2021.”

Financial Concerns for Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club

  • Scheduling concerns (Friday start to Test match caused hospitality and Day 4 financial concerns)
  • 3 home Vitality Blast games in five days
  • Rising electricity prices, rising national minimum wage

*Year ending on 30th September, 2022

Source: Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club Annual Reports and Accounts (68 Pages)

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5. Somerset (£ 400,000 Profit)

  • Division: Division One
  • Home Ground: County Ground (Taunton)

Financial Health Status: Green

Assessment: From the financial statements, Somerset is growing and has ample surplus. However, the annual report suggests that the board of directors are wary of challenges that may impact them in this straining economy.

Somerset’s 2-Year Profit/Loss

Year20222021
Annual Total+ £ 399,328+ £ 149,087
Total Reserves+ £ 10,231,772+ £ 9,833,700

Financial Review Summary

“…the year…represented a return to something resembling a more ‘normal’ year, although operations were negatively impacted by challenges emanating from the legacy of the pandemic…We are well positioned financially to absorb potential economic shocks over the coming months and to take advantage of opportunities that we are proactively seeking out, as we operate in an economic, political and cricketing landscape of rapidly-changing variables and volatility.

Positive Highlights from Somerset’s Annual Report

  • Surplus in these two years meant that ‘debt levels remain manageable’
  • + £ 540,562 resulting from membership subscriptions and match receipts
  • Strong year by the commercial team as it relates to business partners and sponsors

Financial Concerns for Somerset County Cricket Club

  • Inflation, conflict in Europe, rising interest rates
  • Hospitality and catering costs

*Year ending on 31st December, 2022

Source: Somerset County Cricket Club Accounts (21 Pages)

6. Durham (£ 333,000 Profit)

  • Division: Division One
  • Home Ground: Riverside Ground (Chester-le-Street)

Financial Health Status: Green

Assessment: Durham has benefitting from external events to add to their surplus and recent profits.

Durham’s 2-Year Profit/Loss

Year 202320222021
Annual Total+ £ 1,531,190+ £ 333,033 + £ 1,560,754
Total Reserves+ £ 7,888,727 + £ 6,357,537+ £ 6,024,504

*Note: In 2023, £ 285,756 was the profit for 2023, while £ 1,531,190 was the total comprehensive income for 2023 (including £ 1,245,434 was the revaluation of tangible fixed assets)

Chairman’s Review Summary

“With our events business performing strongly and the strong financial management of the last few years continuing, I am delighted to report a profit of £333,0333 in the current financial year as we look to continue strengthening our financial position for the challenges ahead…The key business risks affecting the group are considered to relate to staging of international cricket and the share of money we receive that is generated through the ECB…Failure to stage international cricket beyond this date would have a financial impact on the group through lost turnover.”

BusinessLive Article Summary

According to BusinessLive, who had access to Durham’s 2022 Annual Reports and financial statements, they quoted Chairman Lord Botham as follows:

“Current year turnover has risen to £ 8,048,739 as a result of the Durham Cricket Events business performing strongly over the year.”

*In 2021, the turnover was + £ 7,108,908

Positive Highlights

  • Plans of building a hotel on site
  • Concerts & events provide financial boost
  • Two fixtures two host (in 2026 & 2028)
  • Food and beverage income almost doubled

Potential Concerns

  • Average number of employees decreased by 16 (135 to 119)

*Year ending on 30th September, 2022

Note: I could not initially find Durham’s annual reports, so had to rely on the Business Live article. Special thanks to Reuben Herbert and Graham Smith for sending me Durham’s updated financials and pointing me in the right direction!

*Year ending on 30th September, 2022

Source: Durham Cricket Community Interest Group Annual Report (32 Pages) Durham Events Help the Cricket Club Financially (Business Live)

7. Middlesex (£ 131,000 Profit)

  • Division: Division Two
  • Home Ground: Lord’s

Financial Health Status: Yellow

Assessment: Middlesex have churned out a profit in 2023 after incurring losses for seven consecutive years.

Middlesex’s 3-Year Profit/Loss

Year202320222021
Annual Total+ £ 131,000– £ 340,000 – £ 952,000
Total Reserves+ £ 69,000– £ 62,000 + £ 179,000

2023 Media Release

According to Middlesex CCC media release,

“Middlesex Cricket can today announce that for the financial year ending November 2023, the Club has recorded a profit after tax of £ 131,000...After such an extended period of posting significant losses, to turn the business around a time when the game is under financial pressure is a credit to everyone involved.

This was their first year Middlesex experienced profits after 2016. It was nice to see the Club recover financially even after ECB sanctions, which resulted in reduced payments to the club.

Special thanks to @MassimoCricket for pointing me towards the 2023 Middlesex update!

Middlesex’s 2022 summary is stated below.

Board of Directors’ Report Summary

“After two years of extremely heavy losses caused by the pandemic and the pension scheme deficit, in 2022 we began the slow journey back to financial stability…The net assets of the Club that were less than £ 200K at the start of the year have now been exhausted. What this means is that making a profit in the year ahead is non-negotiable and that our activities and ambitions must be focused on meeting this target.

Positive Highlights from Middlesex’s Annual Report

  • ECB county partnership agreement fees increased
  • Member subscriptions, ground receipts, sponsorships, hospitality/events saw an uptick

Financial Concerns for Middlesex County Cricket Club

  • Wages and salaries cost increased
  • Insurance, social security, pension costs, etc. increased

*Year ending 30 November 2023

Source: Middlesex County Cricket Limited Annual Report 2022, Middlesex Annual Report News

8. Northamptonshire (£ 110,000 Profit)

  • Division: Division Two
  • Home Ground: County Ground

Financial Health Status: Green

Assessment: Not as much of a surplus as some of the bigger clubs, but they have been profitable and are slowly moving return to normal from the financial consequences of the pandemic.

Northamptonshire’s 2-Year Profit/Loss

Year20232022
Annual Total+ £ 110,164– £ 1,474
Total Reserves+ £ 1,361,920+ £ 1,251,716

Directors’ Report Summary

“Post pandemic the club benefitted as the local community looked to enjoy life again. Season ticket sales, gate income, and conference & events revenue not only recovered, but far exceeded pre-pandemic levels.”

Positive Highlights from Northamptonshire’s Annual Report

  • Hosted T20I vs India (Sold Out)

Financial Concerns for Northamptonshire County Cricket Club

  • Increasing energy costs (now investing in solar panels to counter costs)

*Year ending on 31st January, 2023

Source: Northamptonshire County Cricket Club Report (19 Pages)

9. Derbyshire (£ 70,000 Profit)

  • Division: Division Two
  • Home Ground: Incora County Ground

Financial Health Status: Green

Assessment: An excellent two years means Derbyshire has accumulated a bit of surplus for themselves.

Derbyshire’s 2-Year Profit/Loss

Total20232022
Annual Total+ £ 70,000 + £ 138,000
Total Reserves+ £ 3,087,000 + £ 3,017,000

Finance Director Summary

From a financial results point of view, it has been another very good year for the Club, showing a strong income and expenditure performance and an improvement in the long-term balance sheet position…Looking ahead to 2024 and beyond there are a number of challenges we face which will inevitably make future years more difficult financially.”

Positive Highlights from Derbyshire’s Annual Report

  • Sponsorship, Advertising, Hospitality
  • Conference and Events

Financial Concerns for Derbyshire County Cricket Club

  • Inflation
  • “Commercial sponsorship is proving difficult across England….we will have to work hard to ensure we don’t see a drop in this income.”

Source: Derbyshire County Cricket Club 2023 Annual Report and Accounts (24 Pages)

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10. Worcestershire (£ 13,340 Profit)

  • Division: Division One
  • Home Ground: New Road

Financial Health Status: Yellow

Assessment: Although Worcestershire have a decent surplus for five years running, the losses in 2019 and 2022 were far greater than the minimal profits made in 2020, 2021, and 2023 respectively.

Worcestershire’s 5-Year Profit/Loss

Year20232022202120202019
Annual Total+ £ 13,340– £ 203,287+ £ 8,477 + £ 21,635– £ 81,810
Total Reserves+ £ 2,184,117+ £ 2,170,801 + £ 2,374,044+ £ 2,365,567+ £ 2,343,977

*Note: Worcestershire documents 5-year profit/loss on their annual reports rather than 2-year profit/loss as other clubs.

Accounts Commentary Summary

“There has been an uplift in revenue across nearly all sectors of our operations…Financial sustainability remains a paramount concern for the Club, as well as for other venues not hosting Test matches or The Hundred. It is imperative that we generate sufficient profits to ensure debt repayment. A strategic focus for 2024 will be the development of new revenue streams beyond cricket and the expansion of existing operations.”

Positive Highlights from Worcestershire’s Annual Report

  • 15% increase in match ticket sales (both red & white ball games)
  • Catering Department delivers profit of £282,000
  • 2 Music concerts

Financial Concerns for Worcestershire County Cricket Club

  • Membership subscriptions declined 7%
  • Total debt for the club is still at £ 3,448,628

*Year ending on 31st December, 2023

Source: Worcestershire County Cricket Team Limited Annual Report (44 Pages)

11. Kent (£ 6,500 Profit)

  • Division: Division One
  • Home Ground: St. Lawrence Ground

Financial Health Status: Yellow

Assessment: Although Kent is in the profits over the last couple of years and have ample reserves, the chair of the board voiced his concern in the seismic shift that County Cricket is facing and what this uncertainty implies for the club.

Kent’s 2-Year Profit/Loss

Year202320222021
Annual Total– £ 469,448+ £ 6,488 + £ 282,235
Total Reserves+ £ 6,986,301+ £ 7,455,751 + £ 7,449,232

Chair’s Report Summary

“Two of the High Performance Review’s conclusions – structure and schedule – presented an existential threat to both our Club and the essential fabric of the county game…There is no question that Sir Andrew did a high quality piece of of work in the context of his brief. He has come up with many good ideas and the game has gained useful insights from subject experts across sport. However, it was when suggesting a County game structure and schedule that had the sole purpose of improving the England teams, the matters became more vexed…Reducing County Cricket in Kent to five home Championship games, five T20s and potentially one or two 50 over games would have rendered the Club completely irrelevant. Four days of cricket a month throughout the season would have meant that we became invisible.

Positive Highlights from Kent’s Annual Report

  • Development of media and marketing
  • New ‘state-of-the-art ticketing system’
  • Digital match day streaming service grew
  • Stable ticket sales

Financial Concerns for Kent County Cricket Club

  • “Inflation, labour shortages, rising interest rates, and higher energy prices”
  • The Hundred’s negative impact on T20 Vitality Blast crowds (due to change of schedule)

*Year ending on 31st October, 2022

Source: Kent County Cricket Club Limited Annual Report and Financial Statements (56 Pages), Kent Financial Returns 2023

12. Leicestershire (£ 320,000 Loss)

  • Division: Division Two
  • Home Ground: Grace Road

Financial Health Status: Yellow

Assessment: From a five year outlook, we can see that Leicestershire has had 4 years of losses. Since surplus are still in a relatively healthy condition, I went with a ‘Yellow’ financial rating for them.

Leicestershire’s 2-Year Profit/Loss

Year202320222021
Annual Total– £ 440,112– £ 320,341+ £ 482,892
Total Reserves+ £ 2,109,609+ £ 2,549,723 + £ 2,870,064

The past 5-year annual total summary for Leicestershire are as follows:

  • – £ 320,341 (2022), + £ 482,892 (2021), – £ 121,633 (2020), – £ 363,588 (2019), – £ 298,506 (2018)

CEO Report Summary

“Encouragingly the reliance on the central funding dropped from 78% to 65% during the year. However we must continue to reduce this number and become more self-sufficient. This will remain one of our key targets during during the short and medium terms.”

Positive Highlights from Leicestershire Annual Report

  • Facilities and commercial revenue grew
  • Increased hospitality
  • Record numbers for T20 attendance

Financial Concerns for Leicestershire County Cricket Club

  • Cancellation of Paloma Faith concert
  • ‘Un-qualification’ of T20 Quarter Finals
  • Facility maintenance, catering expenses, ‘economic climate’

*Year ended on 30th September, 2023

Source: Leicestershire County Cricket Club Limited Annual Report (30 Pages), Leicestershire News, Leicestershire Returns 2023

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13. Essex (£ 400,000 Loss)

  • Division: Division One
  • Home Ground: County Ground (Chelmsford)

Financial Health Status: Yellow

Assessment: Losses for consecutive years, but still holding onto decent reserves.

Essex’s 2-Year Profit/Loss

Year20222021
Annual Total– £ 378,983 – £ 508,226
Total Reserves+ £ 2,336,488+ £ 2,715,471

Essex’s Notes to the Accounts Summary

Based on current forecasts, total cash outflows exceed total cash inflows in the forecasted period to December 2024. The Club is actively looking to address this loss and cashflow situation to avoid having to sell part of its investment portfolio to cover this shortfall. These matters indicate that a material uncertainty exists that may cast significant doubt over the ability of the Club to continue as a going concern.”

Positive Highlights from Essex’s Annual Report

  • Matches, commercial activity, and membership resulted in the most profit for Essex

Financial Concerns for Essex County Cricket Club

  • Buildings (net – £ 690,254) and cricket operations (net – £ 435,987) resulted in the most net loss in 2022

*Year ending on 31st December, 2022

Source: Essex County Cricket Club Report and Statement of Accounts (24 Pages)

14. Glamor gan (£ 530,000 Loss)

  • Division: Division Two
  • Home Ground: Sophia Gardens

Financial Health Status: Yellow

Assessment: Massive positive reserves but the direction of annual losses are not going in the right direction.

Glamorgan’s 2-Year Profit/Loss

Year20232022
Annual Total– £ 528,294 – £ 39,248
Total Reserves+ £ 9,767,471+ £ 10,295,765

Chair’s Report Summary

“The club is reporting a reasonable financial outcome for the year…2024 will be a challenging year financially and the club has had to reduce its cost base in order to produce a budget with a similar EBITDA to 2023.”

“…It is worth remembering that the game of cricket is undergoing generational change as the rise of Indian cricket and the Indian Premier League has the potential to shift the old order and orthodoxies. While this process will undoubtedly be disruptive and challenging, it will also potentially provide opportunities for individual clubs to reset their financial, strategic, and operational activities onto a more positive and sustainable basis. Rest assured that the Board will work to ensure that Glamorgan is positioned to take advantage of these trends as they develop.”

Positive Highlights from Glamorgan’s Annual Report

  • International stadium
  • International match staging agreement with the ECB till 2031
  • “Stable financial position with minimal debt”
  • Hundred team/host based in Wales

Financial Concerns for Glamorgan County Cricket Club

  • “Adverse macro-economic environment in which we currently operate” (ex: higher interest rates)

*Year ended on 31 December, 2023

Source: Glamorgan Cricket Club Limited Report and Financial Statements (45 Pages)

15. Sussex (£ 736,000 Loss)

  • Division: Division Two
  • Home Ground: County Ground (Hove)

Financial Health Status: Yellow

Assessment: Similar to Glamorgan, two consecutive years of losses (and 2023 was way worse than 2022) is a bit of concern, but overall, they are still holding up well.

Sussex’s 2-Year Profit/Loss

Year20232022
Annual Total*– £ 735,616 – £ 39,418
Total Reserves+ £ 8,461,170+ £ 9,196,873

Note: In the annual report, both Sussex Cricket Limited and Sussex Cricket Foundation’s earnings have been reported. We only state SCL’s profit/loss (since it is based on membership, matches, etc.)

*Even though Sussex had + £ 443,929 operating profit in 2022, the total comprehensive income was – £ 39,418. Similarly in 2023, they had an operating loss (- £ 121,918) but an even larger total comprehensive loss (-£ 735,616)

Treasurer’s Report Summary

“Income decreased 5.6% in FYE 2023 while expenditure increased 2.8%.”

Positive Highlights from Sussex’s Annual Report

  • Commercial income increased

Financial Concerns for Sussex County Cricket Club

  • Membership income decreased
  • Administrative costs increased

*Year ending on 31st October, 2023

Source: Sussex Annual Report & Statement of Accounts (23 Pages)

16. Gloucestershire (£ 1.2 Million Loss)

  • Division: Division Two
  • Home Ground: County Ground (Bristol)

Financial Health Status: Red

Assessment: Two consecutive years of losses (Losses for 2023/2024 almost doubled), but they do not have the luxury of reserves like Sussex & Glamorgan.

Gloucestershire’s 2-Year Profit/Loss

Total20242023
Annual Total– £ 1,190,000 – £ 570,000
Total Reserves+ £ 1,790,000 + £ 2,980,000

*Year ending on 31st January, 2024

Treasurer’s Report Summary

This year has been a challenging year financially for a number of reasons and there is no doubt it is disappointing to be reporting a second consecutive financial deficit…Fundamentally, our finances have been impacted by the fixed nature of the majority of our central funding and the fact the growth of the business has not kept up with the rate of inflation…”

Positive Highlights from Gloucestershire Annual Report

  • Hosting England v Ireland (Men), Hosting Women’s Ashes ODI
  • Second fastest growth of any county in terms of ticket sales (although it still fell short of expectations)
  • Cheltenham Cricket Festival
  • Sponsorship and BS7 Gym

Financial Concerns for Gloucestershire County Cricket Club

  • Inflation
  • Operational Costs
  • Catering
  • “Didn’t sell as many tickets as anticipated”

*Year ending on 31st January, 2024

Source: Gloucestershire County Cricket Limited Financial Statements (30 Pages)

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17. Hampshire (£ 1.3 Million Loss)

  • Division: Division One
  • Home Ground: Rose Bowl

Financial Health Status: Red

Assessment: Things are not looking that great for Hampshire, who are on the verge of becoming one of the first County teams to sell shares to IPL team owners.

Year20222021
Annual Total– £ 1,346,883– £ 1,535,292
Total Reserves + £ 2,440,783+ £ 3,787,666

Group Strategic Report Summary

“The Group will look to consolidate its position as a leading leisure destination and international cricket stadium, although the Directors anticipate that a return to significant levels of profitability is unlikely in 2023 and 2024 given the poor allocation of international cricket in this period.”

Positive Highlights from Hampshire’s Annual Report

  • Hotel and events saw a rise in operating profit
  • Men’s Ashes in 2027, Women’s Ashes in 2031

Financial Concerns for Hampshire County Cricket Club

  • Net debt at 31st December, 2022 is approximately £ 61,423,363.

It seems that Hampshire County Cricket Club is struggling financially. Earlier this year, it was reported that Hampshire are in talks with owners of Delhi Capitals franchise for a majority stake in the club. According to ESPNCricinfo, the club is valued at £100 million, but has £61 million debt.

*Year ending on 31st December, 2022

Sources: Hampshire Sport & Leisure Holdings Limited Financial Statements (41 Pages)

18. Yorkshire (£ 7 Million Loss)

  • Division: Division Two
  • Home Ground: Headingley

Financial Health Status: Red

Assessment: Despite an Ashes season, Yorkshire reported devastating losses in 2023. Financial (and social) overhaul is required at Yorkshire.

Yorkshire’s 2-Year Profit/Loss

Year20232022
Annual Total– £ 7,050,776– £ 2,169,332
Total Reserves – £ 9,106,154 – £ 2,054,488

Chair’s Statement Summary

The 2023 financial statements presented to you are very clear—it was an Ashes year for us, which should have been productive and profitable, but in the event there was a huge trading loss for the Club. The reasons behind this are explained throughout the financial statements but 2023 was definitely Yorkshire’s ANNUS HORRIBILIS!

“The Hundred continues to generate significant income for the Club.”

Positive Highlights from Yorkshire’s Annual Report

  • Hosted Ashes at Headingley (provided £ 18.2 million revenue)
  • Membership numbers increased
  • New investment to come in
  • To host Men’s Test again India in 2025 along with some other T20Is
  • “The conversations around the Hundred are potentially extremely beneficial for us”
  • Vitality Blast sales increased 14%

Financial Concerns for Yorkshire County Cricket Club

  • More staffing in the executive team
  • Cost of running a stadium
  • Rising Interest rates
  • Cricket Disciplinary Committee investigation, legal and professional fees, settlement of employment claims, governance, EDI plans, etc.
  • No major capital investment
  • Restructuring of County Age Group pathway
  • Hosting and Administrative costs for Ashes

“It should be noted, however, that the costs of hosting the match, which include a staging fee payable to the ECB, stewarding and security, and the cost of delivering hospitality packages, were proportionally higher too, totalling £ 3.3 m.”

*Year ending on 31st December, 2023

Source: The Yorkshire County Cricket Club Annual Report and Accounts 2023 (44 Pages)

19. Bonus: Marylebone Cricket Club, The MCC (£ 7.7 Million Profit)

Financial Health Status: Green

Assessment: The MCC are doing really great at the moment on all accounts.

Year20232022
Annual Total+ £ 7,735,000 + £ 2,849,000
Total Reserves+ £ 82,916,000+ £ 75,181,000

MCC Committee Report Summary

“We continue to evaluate the potential to own and manage a Hundred franchise based at Lord’s. It is anticipated that the ECB will put in place a new financial model from the start of the 2025 season and subject to more detail on the structure and economics of the tournament, we believe that owning a Hundred franchise could have a positive impact on all four of the Club’s objectives

“On the commercial side, income surpassed previous records across Retails, Tours of Lord’s, the Indoor Cricket Centre, Marketing and Advertising, Events and Experiences, shown within Catering and Hospitality, whilst performing strongly, was around 10% lower than the record World Cup year of 2019.”

Other Positive Highlights from MCC’s Annual Report

  • Lord’s Test, Women’s T20I, and the Hundred saw 500,000 spectators at Lord’s

Financial Concerns for the MCC

  • High Inflation, rising Employment Costs, rising energy costs
  • T20 Blast attendance below expectation

Source: MCC’s Annual Report (108 Pages)

Final Thoughts

In the past five years, the ECB have made strides to bring financial stability and increase their standards in Test cricket (after success in the white ball game).

Bazball has partially changed how England fans view their Test team, but jury is still out on The Hundred. Will it help County Cricket in the long run?

It is evident with Yorkshire and Hampshire, for example, that things need to change. However, we also found that not all County teams are struggling. In fact, a majority are doing just fine and many of them have bounced back from the days of the pandemic.

With the IPL increasing its influence around the world, international schedule tightening, number of freelance players increasing towards the growing franchise leagues, County cricket and ‘traditional’ old school cricket is definitely under threat.

Will ECB’s new financial model change things up for the better or the worse? Will it help all the Counties or only some?

Only time will tell.

What do you think? Let me know below!

Thanks for reading. Hope you enjoyed reading this and learned something new. Cheers!

****

Financial Glossary

Here are some of the definitions of terms we have used in the analysis above. The definitions are derived from various sources like Investopedia.

  • EBIDTA: Earnings before interest, taxation, depreciation, and amortization
  • Fair Value Reserve: Represents cumulative revalution gains and losses in respect of historic investment properties.
  • Operating Profit: Total earning from its core business functions for a given period. An operating loss occurs when core business income ends up being lower than expenses.
  • Total Comprehensive Income: Includes net income and unrealized income (ex: hedge/derivative financial instruments, transaction gains, etc.)

Also Read

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© Copyright @Nitesh Mathur and Broken Cricket Dreams, LLC 2023. Originally published on 05/12/2024. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this site’s author and/or owner is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Broken Cricket Dreams with appropriate and specific direction to the original content (i.e. linked to the exact post/article).

ICC, I Plead You, It’s Time to Give Scotland & Netherlands Full Membership

Once in a generation, there comes a rare moment where an organization gets an opportunity to take a major decision and change the game.

I reckon now is one such moment for the ICC. Kathryn Bryce’s magic has ensured that the Scotland women’s team qualify for the 2024 T20 World Cup. The men’s team has been on the rise for the past five years.

The women’s victory fueled social media with calls for Full Membership to Scotland. That made me wonder—What exactly are all the criteria to become a full member?

I read the 5-page document, ICC Membership Criteria: Application Process, Re-Classification and Retention of Membership (approved 22 June 2017, amended 13 July 2023) so you don’t have to. Here is the breakdown.

Full Member Criteria: What Do The Official ICC Documents Say?

According to ICC’s website, Clause 2.1 outlines 22 conditions that need to be satisfied to even apply for full membership.

You read that correctly, twenty-two. Here are some of the major highlights.

  1. Have appropriate structure for both men’s and women’s cricket
  2. Generate a minimum of 10% of their own total revenues for four years prior to applying
  3. A debt to equity ratio of not more than 2:1 in the past four years
  4. Features on the Men’s ODI Ranking table
  5. Should have qualified for 3 Men’s ODI & T20 WC in past eight years
  6. Have defeated at least one Full Member in the Top 10 in a Men’s Cricket World Cup, World Cup Qualifier, or the T20 World Cup
  7. Have won at least four times against two or more Full Members in bilaterals in the past 8 years
  8. Have participated in at least one Women’s WC (ODI or T20) in the past 4 years or feature in the women’s ODI ranking table
  9. Have participated in two editions of the U-19 WC in the past 8 years
  10. Have domestic structure (Men’s 50-over and 20-over competitions with List A status and at least 3 teams)
  11. Have ‘satisfactory’ women’s pathway structures and junior men’s pathway structures in place
  12. Have ‘sustained and sufficient pool of players’ in senior men’s, women’s, and U-19 men’s teams
  13. Have ‘strong domestic participation levels’ and ‘evidence of significant growth’ in the past 8 years
  14. Have 2 ICC accredited venues
  15. Has talent/coaching/umpire/curator development programs over the past 4 years

Once they fulfill all the conditions, boards can write to the ICC with an ‘intent to apply’ and complete the written application after which there will be a preliminary assessment, reviews, and even a possible inspection.

How Did Afghanistan Qualify?

I know what you must be wondering. How in the world did Afghanistan qualify (and not lose their status) after the Taliban takeover, where higher education was banned for girls?

At the very end of the document, the ICC conveniently slips in Clause 3.5, which states

“In its sole discretion, and where the Applicant is able to demonstrate exceptional circumstances justifying its inability to satisfy one or more of the applicable Membership criteria, the Membership Committee may recommend the acceptance of the application notwithstanding the fact that the Applicant does not satisfy all of the relevant Membership criteria.”

Full Membership No Longer Equals Test Status

Growing up, I always had the impression that Full Membership = Test Status, but the word ‘Test’ does not even appear once on the ICC Membership Criteria document.

The ICC differentiates Full Members vs Associate members as follows:

Full Members are the governing bodies for cricket of a country recognised by the ICC, or nations associated for cricket purposes, or a geographical area, from which representative teams are qualified to play official Test matches (12 Members).”

Associate Members are the governing bodies for cricket of a country recognised by the ICC, or countries associated for cricket purposes, or a geographical area, which does not qualify as a Full Member, but where cricket is firmly established and organised (94 Members).”

Hence, Full Membership means there is a pathway to Test status, but nowhere does it claim that playing Test cricket is a necessity for Full Members.

Should Newer Full Members Even Play Test Cricket?

Okay, a slight digression. Should newer full members even play Test cricket?

As Ireland have found out, it is not cheap to host Test cricket. In fact, it causes more financial strain to the national boards. Ireland won their first Test seven years after their Test status, but scheduling Test matches? Well, that’s a whole another matter.

Cricket Ireland famously cancelled a Test against Bangladesh and replaced it with a T20 series because they would lose a million pounds for that one Test.

The sad truth is cricket boards outside the Big 3 lose money while hosting a Test match (READ here for the Full In-Depth Financial Breakdown for Hosting a Test).

I am all for a ‘Test fund’ that was proposed a decade ago, innovations in Test cricket, or a two-tiered World Test Championship with relegation & promotion, but forcing a cricket board to play Test cricket can bring down the financial situation of the entire sport in the country.

County Cricket Rules Need to Change

Apart from finances, Ireland’s elevation to Test status did more harm than good.

Irish cricketers used to be considered domestic players and therefore, the golden generation – Boyd Rankin, Paul Stirling, Tim Murtagh, etc. played as domestic cricketers in the County circuit. However, post 2017, they have had to sign up as overseas players which County teams may be reluctant to do.

If Scotland does accept to play Test cricket, adjustments would need to be made in County Cricket rules.

Show Me the Money

If not Test cricket, what is Full Membership all about?

Let’s be real. It’s all about the money.

In the proposed financial model for 2024-2027, Afghanistan and Ireland are projected to receive 2.80% and 3.18% from the ICC respectively.

GroupProjected EarningPercentage of the Total
Top 9 Teams (non-India)$249,350,00041.55%
India$231,000,00038.5%
Associate Nations$67,160,00011.19%
Afghanistan, Ireland, Zimbabwe$52,500,0008.45%
  • *Top 8 Teams (non-India) include England ($41.33 million), Australia ($37.53 million), Pakistan ($34.51 million), New Zealand ($28.38 million), West Indies ($27.50 million), Sri Lanka ($27.12 million), South Africa ($26.24 million), and Bangladesh ($26.74 million).
  • Ireland ($17.64 million), Zimbabwe ($17.64 million), and Afghanistan ($16.82 million) relatively earn less but a larger chunk than the Associate nations.
  • Currently $67.16 million is divided among 94 Associate Members. On average, each Associate member gets about $714,468, which is substantially less than what Ireland and Afghanistan now receive.

If a cricket board receives Full Membership, then they are ensured a small piece of the annual funding pie. What’s more? They will get regular FTP matches against the top teams helping them improve further. ICC already earns enough money from World Cups that they have surplus to distribute to their members. Adding two more members and changing the redistribution of wealth will not change much.

Should Scotland and Netherlands Receive Full Member Status?

Let’s get back to the heart of the topic, should countries like Scotland and Netherlands receive Full Member Status?

In 2000, Bangladesh were gifted Full Membership and Test status after winning the 1997 ICC Trophy, defeated Kenya in 1998, and defeating Scotland & Pakistan in the 1999 ODI World Cup. Meanwhile, Bangladesh’s Women’s Team only made their international debut in 2007 and gained ODI status in 2011 (qualified for the 2014 T20 WC as hosts, qualified for the 2022 ODI WC), much after they were elevated to Full Status.

I argue that Scotland and Netherlands have already done much more than Bangladesh ever did prior being elevated to Full Member Status.

Scotland in ICC Tournaments

Let’s look at Scotland. The men’s team has already defeated the likes of England & West Indies, featured in multiple World Cups, have a growing women’s team, and have a couple of solid venues.

Timeline

Here is a quick timeline of their recent past. Scotland have perhaps suffered more than any other team with the curtailed 10-team World Cup format, narrowly losing out on two consecutive ODI World Cups despite playing extremely good cricket.

  • 1992: Becomes an independent cricket Associate Member
  • 1997: Ends 3rd in the ICC Trophy and qualifies for the 1999 ODI World Cup
  • 2004: Wins the ICC Intercontinental Cup
  • 2012: Defeats Bangladesh in a T20 match
  • 2017: Defeats Zimbabwe in an ODI match
  • 2018: Defeat Afghanistan, UAE, Nepal, Hong Kong, (and tied against Zimbabwe), *lost against West Indies due to DLS/rain
  • 2018: Defeats England by 6 runs after scoring 371
  • 2022: Defeats West Indies in the T20 World Cup
  • 2022: Scotland women team get ODI status
  • 2023: Defeat West Indies, Zimbabwe, Ireland, UAE, Oman but fall one spot short of the 10-team ODI World Cup
  • 2024: Scotland women qualify for the T20 World Cup

World Cup Records

  • ODI WC: Qualified for the 1999 (0/5), 2007 (0/3), 2015 (0/6)
  • T20 WC: Qualified for 2007 (0/2, 1 NR), 2009 (0/2), 2016 (1/3), 2021 (3/8), 2022 (1/3)

*Note: Scotland have featured in 4/5 U-19 World Cups in the last 8 years.

*NR – No Result

Netherlands in ICC Tournaments

Timeline

Netherlands have had a dream couple of years and even qualified for the 2023 ODI World Cup. They have defeated South Africa, England, and West Indies, and their women’s team even reached the quarterfinals in 1997.

  • 1988: Women’s team qualify for the 1988 ODI World Cup
  • 1994: Men’s team ends 3rd in the ICC Trophy and qualifies for the 1996 ODI World Cup
  • 1997: Women’s team qualify for the quarterfinal
  • 2001: Wins the ICC Trophy
  • 2003: Defeats Namibia in the 2003 ODI World Cup
  • 2006: Get ODI status
  • 2007: Women play a Test match against South Africa
  • 2009: Defeats England in the T20 World Cup
  • 2010: Defeats Bangladesh in the ODI World Cup
  • 2014: Chased 193 in 13.5 overs against Ireland to qualify for the Super 10s
  • 2014: Gained T20 Status
  • 2014: Lose ODI status
  • 2018: Regain ODI Status
  • 2020-23: Played 24 ODIs in the ODI Super League
  • 2022: Defeats South Africa in the T20 WC
  • 2023: Defeats West Indies (in Super Over after scoring 374), Nepal, USA, Oman, Scotland to qualify for the WC
  • 2023: Defeats South Africa in the ODI WC

World Cup

  • WODI WC: 1988 (0/8), 1993 (1/7), 1997 (1/5, 1 NR), 2000 (0/7)
  • MODI WC: 1996 (0/5), 2003 (1/6), 2007 (1/3), 2011 (0/6), 2023 (2/9)
  • MT20 WC: 2009 (1/2), 2014 (3/7), 2016 (1/3), 2021 (0/3), 2022 (4/8)

*Netherlands has not participated in U-19 World Cups in the last 8 years. They only qualified in the 2000 U-19 World Cup.

Where Do We Go From Here?

The Dutch no longer use the word ‘Associate’ among themselves. It’s time the rest of the World doesn’t either.

In my eyes, the ICC should have awarded Full Member Status to Scotland the moment Safyaan Sharif bowled that toe crushing yorker against England in 2018. Scoring 374 against the near future world champions was a sign of Scotland’s growth in men’s cricket.

It’s clear that these two countries have done more than Bangladesh and Afghanistan for over three decades now (and are doing better than Zimbabwe has been in recent years).

Sure, there may be a checkbox here or there that these two cricket boards may not have hit, but they have done almost everything right.

Dear ICC, it is my honest request. I plead with you to give Scotland and Netherlands Full Membership.

If that means, use Clause 3.5, wave some hands, and give out some funds, then why not?

If not now, when? Take the chance.

It’s time for the European Cricket Dream. Let’s make it happen.

If you like these kinds of in-depth deep dives on finances and administration of cricket, check out the following:

© Copyright @Nitesh Mathur and Broken Cricket Dreams, LLC 2023. Originally published on 05/06/2024. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this site’s author and/or owner is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Broken Cricket Dreams with appropriate and specific direction to the original content (i.e. linked to the exact post/article).